Probiotic grain-based compositions

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to probiotic grain-based compositions comprising lactic acid-producing bacteria.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 61/106,116, filed Oct. 16, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to probiotic grain-based compositions comprising lactic acid-producing bacteria.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The gastrointestinal microflora plays a number of vital roles in maintaining gastrointestinal tract function and overall physiological health. The growth and metabolism of the many individual bacterial species inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract depend primarily upon the substrates available to them, most of which are derived from the diet. Since probiotics do not generally permanently colonize the host, they need to be ingested regularly for any health promoting properties to persist.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based on the discovery that lactic acid-producing bacteria, particularly Bacillus species, remain viable and retain their beneficial probiotic properties in food compositions, such as those prepared at high temperatures (e.g., 80, 90, 100, 120, or 150° C.) in boiling water. The invention describes probiotic grain-based compositions. Specifically, the invention provides an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium in a grain-based composition.

The invention provides compositions comprising a cooked or uncooked composition of a grain and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium or spore. The grain is processed, e.g., altered from its naturally-occurring state. For example, the grain is husked, crushed, cracked, or ground. The grain is in the form of flour or a composition made from further manipulation of a grain-based flour. Exemplary grains include wheat, rice, buckwheat, barley, Kamut, corn and oats. Exemplary cooked compositions include pasta, oatmeal, and grits. Suitable pastas include egg pasta, spaghetti (solid, thin cylinders), macaroni (tubes or hollow cylinders), fusilli (spiral-shaped), lasagna (sheets), tagliatelle (flat ribbons), vermicelli (thin spaghetti), ravioli (filled pasta), spatzle and gnocchi. Other suitable pastas include penne rigate (furrowed cylinder-shaped pasta), penne lisce (smooth cylinder-shaped pasta), rotini (corkscrew-shaped pasta), and rigatoni (tube-shaped pasta).

In one aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between about 0.01% to about 50% by weight of the grain-based composition. Optionally, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between about 0.01% and about 10% by weight of the grain-based composition. Preferably, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between about 0.01% and about 0.1% by weight of the grain-based composition.

The invention also provides bacterial species including Bacillus coagulans, e.g., Bacillus coagulans hammer, preferably Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284, or one or more strains derived from Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284 (e.g., ATCC Numbers: GBI-20, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6085; GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086; and GBI-40, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6087; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,256 to Farmer).

Optionally, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore. In one aspect, the Bacillus coagulans spores activate upon contacting hot liquid. Preferably, the hot liquid is water or milk. Alternatively, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell. In another aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores. Preferably, the Bacillus coagulans is predominantly in spore form, e.g., about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, or about 100% spores.

The invention also provides compositions comprising a dry mix for grain-based compositions comprising a grain and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium. Also provided are compositions comprising a dry mix for soup comprising a dehydrated matter and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium.

Also provided are methods of making a grain-based composition comprising providing a grain-containing base mix and a liquid portion; mixing the grain-containing base mix and the liquid portion to form a batter or dough; combining an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium with the batter or dough; and heat processing the batter or dough to cook the grain-based composition. Suitable liquid portions include water and milk. In one aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore. In another aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell. In one aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the grain-based composition. Preferably, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between about 1% and about 10% by weight of the grain-based composition. Most preferably, the amount of Bacillus coagulans bacteria is about 5×10⁷ colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria per gram of food matrix.

Bacillus coagulans bacteria are included in the grain-based or soup compositions of this invention. Bacterial species include Bacillus coagulans, e.g., Bacillus coagulans hammer, preferably Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284, or one or more strains derived from Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284 (e.g., ATCC Numbers: GBI-20, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6085; GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086; and GBI-40, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6087; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,256 to Farmer).

In one aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore. The invention provides for the activation of Bacillus coagulans spores upon heating. Optionally, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell. In another aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores.

The Bacillus coagulans Hammer strains of the invention are non-pathogenic and generally regarded as safe for use in human nutrition (i.e., GRAS classification) by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the Bacillus coagulans Hammer strains of the invention germinate at or below human body temperature, rendering them useful as probiotics. Many Bacillus coagulans strains outside the Hammer group have mostly industrial applications, little or no nutritional benefit, and environmental contaminants that have not been evaluated for safety. Moreover, many other non-Hammer strains of Bacillus coagulans grow optimally at temperatures that exceed human body temperature and, thus, do not germinate efficiently in the human body. Such strains are less or not suitable as probiotics for human consumption.

Cited publications are incorporated herein by reference. Both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description and examples are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a bar graph demonstrating the survival of BC³⁰ in gnocchi (potato pasta).

FIG. 2 is a bar chart illustrating the survival of BC³⁰ in fresh egg pasta filling. Left bar: untreated pasta with cheese-based filling (containing bacterial cheese cultures); middle bar: pasta with cheese-based filling treated with BC³⁰; right bar: pasta with cheese-based filling treated with BC³⁰ and pasteurized at 100° C. for 5 minutes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Probiotic organisms are non-pathogenic, non-toxigenic, retain viability during storage, and survive passage through the stomach and small intestine. Non-pathogenic lactic acid-producing bacteria (i.e., “lactic acid bacteria”), such as the exemplary Bacillus coagulans, remain viable and retain their beneficial probiotic properties in grain-based and soup compositions, such as those prepared in boiling water. Specifically, the probiotic organisms described herein, e.g., Bacillus coagulans strain GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086, survive the harsh manufacturing and cooking processes of the grain-based and soup compositions described below.

Probiotic Lactic Acid-Producing Bacteria

A probiotic lactic acid-producing bacteria suitable for use in the methods and compositions of the invention produces acid and is non-pathogenic. There are many suitable bacteria identified as described herein, although the invention is not limited to currently known bacterial species insofar as the purposes and objectives of the bacteria is described. The property of acid production is important to the effectiveness of the probiotic lactic acid-producing bacteria of this invention.

The invention provides using a lactic acid-producing bacteria, such as a spore-forming Bacillus species, such as B. coagulans. Preferably, the spore-forming Bacillus species of the invention is B. coagulans Hammer.

Exemplary methods and compositions are described herein using Bacillus coagulans as a probiotic. Purified and/or isolated Bacillus coagulans is particularly useful as a probiotic in grain-based or soup compositions. Probiotic B. coagulans is non-pathogenic and is generally regarded as safe (i.e., GRAS classification) by the U.S. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and by those skilled in the art.

Bacillus coagulans is a non-pathogenic gram positive spore-forming bacteria that produces L(+) lactic acid (dextrorotatory) in fermentation conditions. It has been isolated from natural sources, such as heat-treated soil samples inoculated into nutrient medium (Bergey's Manual off Systemic Bacteriology, Vol. 2, Sneath, P. H. A., et al., eds., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 1986). Purified B. coagulans strains have served as a source of enzymes including endonucleases (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,336); amylase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,180); lactase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,651); and cyclo-malto-dextrin glucano-transferase (U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,800). B. coagulans has been used to produce lactic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,164). A strain of B. coagulans (referred to as L. sporogenes; Sakaguti & Nakayama (ATCC 31284)) has been combined with other lactic acid producing bacteria and B. natto to produce a fermented food product from steamed soybeans (U.S. Pat. No. 4,110,477).

Bacterial species include Bacillus coagulans, e.g., Bacillus coagulans hammer, preferably Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284, or one or more strains derived from Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC 31284 (e.g., ATCC Numbers: GBI-20, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6085; GBI-30, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086; and GBI-40, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6087; see U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,256 to Farmer).

Bacillus coagulans was previously mis-characterized as a Lactobacillus and labeled as Lactobacillus sporogenes (See Nakamura et al. 1988. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 63-73). However, initial classification was incorrect because Bacillus coagulans produces spores and excretes L(+)-lactic acid through metabolism. Both of these characteristics provide key features to the utility of Bacillus coagulans. These developmental and metabolic aspects required that the bacterium be classified as a lactic acid Bacillus. In addition, it is not generally appreciated that classic Lactobacillus species are unsuitable for colonization of the gut due to their instability in the harsh (i.e., acidic) pH environment of the bile, particularly human bile. By contrast, Bacillus coagulans is able to survive and colonize the gastrointestinal tract in the bile environment and even grown in this low pH range.

Probiotic Activity of Bacillus coagulans

It is well-documented clinically that many species of bacterial, mycotic and yeast pathogens possess the ability to cause a variety of gastrointestinal disorders including, but not limited to: disruption of normal gastrointestinal biochemical function, necrosis of gastrointestinal tissues, and disruption of the bioabsorption of nutrients, and like conditions. The probiotic microorganism-containing compositions described herein inhibit these pathogens. Thus, the compositions are useful in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of conditions associated with infection by these aforementioned pathogens.

In one aspect, a Bacillus coagulans strain is included in the composition in the form of vegetative cells. In another aspect, the Bacillus coagulans strain is included in the composition in the form of spores. The invention also provides for including the Bacillus coagulans strain in the composition in the form of a powder, a dried cell mass, a stabilized paste, or a stabilized gel.

Because Bacillus spores are heat and pressure-resistant and can be stored as a dry powder, they are particularly useful for formulation into and manufacture of products such as the various grain-based and soup compositions described herein. A Bacillus species is well suited for the present invention, particularly species having the ability to form spores which are relatively resistant to heat and other conditions, making them ideal for storage (shelf-life) in product formulations, e.g., grain-based and soup compositions. Due to the shelf-stable properties of the Bacillus coagulans strains described herein, e.g., Bacillus coagulans strain GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086, the product formulations of the invention are not confined to a refrigerator and may be stored at room temperature.

The Bacillus coagulans of the invention survives storage (shelf-life) from about 12 days to about 2 years; from about 1 month to about 18 months; from about 3 months to about 1 year; or from about 6 months to about 9 months.

Anti-Microbial Probiotic Activity

The probiotic organisms described herein, e.g., Bacillus coagulans strain GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086, promote digestive health and support the immune system. The ability of Bacillus coagulans to inhibit various bacterial pathogens was quantitatively ascertained by use of an in vitro assay. This assay is part of a standardized bacterial pathogen screen (developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)) and is commercially available on solid support disks (DIFCO® BACTROL® Antibiotic Disks). To perform the assay, potato-dextrose plates (DIFCO®) were initially prepared using standard procedures. The plates were then individually inoculated with the bacteria (approximately 1.5×10⁶ CFU) to be tested so as to form a confluent bacterial bed.

Inhibition of microorganisms (e.g. gastrointestinal pathogens) by Bacillus coagulans was subsequently ascertained by placing approximately 1.8×10⁶ CFU of Bacillus coagulans in 10 μl of broth or buffer, directly in the center of the potato-dextrose plate with one test locus being approximately 8 mm in diameter per plate. A minimum of three test loci were used for each assay. The negative control consisted of a 10 μl volume of a sterile saline solution, whereas the positive control consisted of a 1 μl volume of glutaraldehyde. The plates were then incubated for approximately about 18 hr at 30° C., at which time the zones of inhibition were measured. As designated herein, “excellent inhibition” means the zone was 10 mm or greater in diameter; and “good inhibition” means the zone was greater than 2 mm in diameter but less than 10 mm in diameter.

As expected, no “inhibition” was seen with the negative, saline control, and excellent “inhibition” (approximately 16.2 mm diameter; average of three tests) was seen with the positive, glutaraldehyde control. For the enteric microorganisms tested, the following inhibition by Bacillus coagulans was found: (i) Clostridium species—excellent inhibition; (ii) Escherichia coli—excellent inhibition; (iii) Clostridium species—excellent inhibition, where the zone of inhibition was consistently greater than 15 mm in diameter. Similarly, excellent inhibition was also seen for the opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogenic enteric bacteria which were inhibited by Bacillus coagulans activity include, but are not limited to: Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Streptococcus pyogenes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Escherichia coli (enterohemorragic species); numerous Clostridium species (e.g., Clostridium perfingens, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tributrycum, Clostridium sporogenes, and the like); Gardnereia vaginails; Proponbacterium aenes; Aeromonas hydrophia; Aspergillus species; Proteus species; and Klebsiella species.

Micro-Encapsulation

In one aspect, the lactic-acid producing bacteria are incorporated into a microcapsule coating prior to addition to the grain-based composition, using any micro-encapsulation process well-known in the art. The isolated Bacillus coagulans are packaged, or encapsulated, within another material in order to protect the bacteria from the surrounding environment. The capsules of the invention range in size from one-thousandth of a millimeter to seven millimeters. The internal ingredients of the microcapsule are released from their shells in various ways, including mechanical rupture of the capsule wall, dissolution of the wall, melting of the wall and diffusion through the wall. Thus, micro-encapsulation provides additional protection to the isolated Bacillus bacterium during heat processing of the grain-based compositions of the invention. Physical methods of micro-encapsulation include pan coating, air-suspension coating, centrifugal extrusion, vibrational nozzle, and spray-drying. Chemical methods of micro-encapsulation include interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization, and matrix polymerization.

Alternatively, the lactic-acid producing bacteria is added to the grain-based composition without micro-encapsulation.

Probiotic Grain-Based and Soup Compositions

The invention is directed to the surprising discovery that lactic acid-producing bacteria, particularly Bacillus species, remain viable and retain their beneficial probiotic properties in grain-based and soup compositions, such as those prepared in boiling water. The compositions are prepared by combining dry matter and a liquid, e.g., water or milk. In one aspect, the composition is prepared by combining dry matter and a liquid, and heating the resulting combination. Optionally, the combination is heated (heat-processed) using applied heat, a flame, or a microwave. The grain-based or soup composition is boiled in hot water, e.g., stovetop boiling, addition of boiling water to a container, or microwaving the grain-based or soup composition along with water. Preferably, boiling water (about 100° C.) is added to a combination of grain-based composition and Bacillus coagulans bacteria.

In one aspect, at least about 5%-25% of the bacteria are viable after heating, e.g., at least about 25%-50%; at least about 50% to 75%; or at least about 75%-99% of the bacteria are viable after heating. As the recommended dietary allowances (RDA or recommended daily intake; RDI) is about 1×10⁹ bacterium (according to EU guidelines), preferably, the grain-based or soup composition comprises at least about 1×10⁹ viable bacteria after heating. In another aspect, the grain-based or soup composition comprises at least about 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷; at least about 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸; or at least about 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ viable bacteria after heating.

The compositions are formulated in many configurations, because the bacterium is present as a vegetative cell or as a spore, or both, depending on the species and form of the probiotic organism. The cells/spores are formulated in a variety of compositions suited for use in a grain-based or soup composition. In one aspect, the bacterium is present as a mixture of spores and vegetative cells. In another aspect, the bacterium is present as at least 90% spores, e.g., 95%, 98%, or 99% spores. Optionally, prior to addition to the grain-based or soup compositions of the invention, the Bacillus coagulans cells are cultured in liquid in the absence of or with limited quantities of a food source to induce sporulation. In another aspect, heat gun spray drying kills about 50%, about 75%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 99% of vegetative cells prior to addition to the grain-based or soup compositions of the invention.

Grain-based compositions, such as those described herein, are made from a variety of grains known to those skilled in the art. Suitable grains include rice, wheat, maize, barley, rye, oats, buckwheat, sorghum, millets, triticale, fonio, and quinoa. Other types of grains used to make the grain-based compositions of the invention include teff, wild rice, and durum.

Exemplary grain-based compositions include pasta, oatmeal, grits, cereal, etc. The invention provides probiotic-enhanced pasta, e.g., isolated Bacillus coagulans and pasta. Pasta (Italian for “dough”) is a generic term for Italian variants of noodles, food made from a dough of flour, water and/or eggs. Pasta is cooked in hot water/boiling water prior to consumption. The probiotic organisms described herein, e.g., Bacillus coagulans strain GBI-30 or BC³⁰, ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086, uniquely survive the harsh manufacturing and cooking processes of the grain-based and soup compositions. In one aspect, the pasta is the primary ingredient, served with sauce or seasonings. Common varieties of pasta include tubular pasta, straight round rod pasta, ribbon pasta, micro pasta, stuffed pasta, and irregular-shaped pasta. Exemplary pastas include spaghetti (solid, thin cylinders), macaroni (tubes or hollow cylinders), fusilli (spiral-shaped), lasagna (sheets), tagliatelle (flat ribbons), vermicelli (thin spaghetti), and ravioli (filled pasta). Other suitable pastas include penne (cylinder-shaped pasta), rotini (corkscrew-shaped pasta), and rigatoni (tube-shaped pasta). In Italy, penne are produced in two variants: “penne lisce” (smooth) and “penne rigate” (furrowed), the latter having ridges on each noodle. Two other noodles, gnocchi and spatzle, are sometimes counted as pasta because they are traditional in Italy; however, their “native” distributions (and perhaps their origins) are outside Italy, and these noodles have more in common with dumplings than with typical pasta. The two basic styles of pasta are dried and fresh. Dried pasta has a firmer, denser texture when cooked and is suited to chunky, meaty or oily sauces. Fresh pasta has a softer, more absorbent texture and is suited to buttery or creamy sauces or sauces with delicate flavors. There are also variations in the ingredients used in pasta. The time for which pasta can be stored varies from days to years depending upon whether the pasta is made with egg or not, and whether it is dried or fresh.

Many ingredients are used to make pasta dough, ranging from a simple flour and water mixture, to those that call for the addition of eggs, spices and cheeses, or even squid ink to the dough. Optionally, the pasta contains a filling, e.g., cheese, vegetables, fruit, and/or meat. In one aspect, dry pasta is made from durum wheat or semolina flour. Durum flour has a yellow tinge in color. Alternatively, dry pasta is made from other types of flour (such as farina), which yields a softer product. Particular varieties of pasta may also use other grains and/or milling methods to make the flour. Some pasta varieties, such as Pizzoccheri, are made from buckwheat flour. Various types of fresh pasta include eggs (egg pasta). Gnocchi are often considered pasta dishes, although they are quite different in ingredients (mainly milled potatoes).

Also provided are probiotic grain-based compositions in the form of oatmeal with isolated Bacillus coagulans. Oatmeal is a product of ground oat groats (i.e., oat-meal, cornmeal, peasemeal, etc.) or a porridge made from this product (also called oatmeal cereal). In regions such as the United States and Canada, “oatmeal” can refer to other products made from oat groats, such as cut oats, crushed oats, and rolled oats. The groats are coarsely ground to make oatmeal, or cut into small pieces to make steel-cut oats, or steamed and rolled to make rolled oats. In the case of rolled oats (old-fashioned oats), oat groats are steamed, pressed with a roller, and dried. Rolled oats take about 15 minutes to cook. The quick-cooking rolled oats (“quick oats”) are cut into small pieces before being steamed and rolled. “Instant” oatmeal is pre-cooked and dried. Optionally, the oatmeal includes: sweetener and flavor additives. Suitable sweeteners and flavor additives include salt, white sugar, brown sugar, stevia, cinnamon, honey, jam, molasses, maple syrup, butter, chocolate, soy sauce, soy milk, milk, vinegar, condensed or evaporated milk, and cream. Various types of fruit and nuts are also often added, including: strawberries, blueberries, apples, peaches, mangos, bananas, raisins, dried cherries, dried cranberries, pecans, walnuts, and peanut butter. Oatmeal is used to make porridge, as an ingredient as in oatmeal cookies and oat cakes, or as an accent as in the topping on many oat bran breads and the coating on Caboc cheese. Oatmeal is used as a thickener in some foods such as canned chili con cane. Oatmeal is also used in some alcoholic drinks, cosmetics, soaps, external medical treatments, and is sometimes added to animal feed products.

In another aspect, the probiotic composition of the invention is grits with isolated Bacillus coagulans. Grits is an American Indian corn-based food common in the southern United States, consisting of coarsely ground corn. Traditionally the corn for grits is ground by a stone mill. The results are passed through screens, with the finer part being corn meal, and the coarser part being grits.

Also provided are probiotic instant soups including isolated Bacillus coagulans in soups that require hot water. Soup is a food that is made by combining ingredients such as meat and vegetables in stock or hot/boiling water, until the flavor is extracted, forming a broth. Traditionally, soups are classified into two broad groups: clear soups and thick soups. Thick soups are classified depending upon the type of thickening agent used: purées are vegetable soups thickened with starch; bisques are made from puréed shellfish thickened with cream; cream soups are thickened with béchamel sauce; and veloutés are thickened with eggs, butter and cream. Other ingredients commonly used to thicken soups and broths include rice, flour, and grain. Oriental-style soup mixes containing ramen noodles are marketed as an inexpensive instant lunch, requiring only hot water for preparation. Various types of soups include tomato soup, cream of mushroom soup, chicken noodle soup, vegetable beef soup, minestrone soup, leek and potato soup, lentil soup, fish soup, miso soup, pea soup, fruit soup, clam chowder, gumbo, and bisque. Many soups, such as vegetable, chicken base, potato, pasta and cheese soups, are also available in dry mix form, ready to be served by adding hot water. Dry mix soup includes dehydrated matter, e.g., dehydrated meat, such as poultry and beef, dehydrated vegetables, dehydrated herbs, dehydrated spices, dehydrated noodles, etc. A packet of dry soup stock (e.g., ramen) typically does not contain water. The instant soup is prepared by adding water first, and then heating the product for a short time (usually 3-5 minutes) or by adding hot water directly to the dry soup mix. Instant soup can also be preserved into a dry powder which can be stored in, e.g., a packet or a cup. Bacillus coagulans bacteria in the form of spray-dried powder is added prior to or subsequent to addition of the dry mix soup powder to hot water.

In one aspect, Bacillus coagulans bacteria in the form of a spray-dried powder is included in or on the surface of the probiotic grain-based composition described herein. Preferably, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore. The isolated Bacillus coagulans are at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99% pure spores. Alternatively, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell. In one aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans are at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% pure vegetative cells. In another aspect, the isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores. The Bacillus coagulans mixture is 90% spores, 10% vegetative cells; 75% spores, 25% vegetative cells; 60% spores, 40% vegetative cells; 50% spores, 50% vegetative cells; 60% vegetative cells, 40% spores; 75% vegetative cells; 25% spores; or 90% vegetative cells, 10% spores.

The Bacillus and/or Bacillus coagulans isolated active agent is applied using any of a variety of known methods including, for example, applying a powder, spray-drying the probiotic onto the grain-based or dry mix soup composition, or soaking the composition in a solution containing the probiotic. Optionally, the Bacillus bacterium is added to the dough and dried into the product (e.g., pasta). Alternatively, the Bacillus bacterium is mixed with the dry mix product (e.g., oatmeal or soup) prior to boiling in water. In another aspect, Bacillus coagulans bacteria in the form of spray-dried powder is added directly to the grain-based or soup composition itself. In yet another aspect, maltodextrin along with Bacillus coagulans bacteria in the form of spray-dried powder is added directly to the grain-based or soup composition itself. Optionally, about 5×10⁷ CFU Bacillus coagulans bacteria (per gram of food matrix) in the form of spray-dried powder along with maltodextrin is added directly to the food composition itself.

Any of a variety of methods for placing the bacterial composition into a grain-based or soup composition can be used. However, preferred methods include a “spray-dry” method in which the compositions are exposed in a low humidity chamber to an atomized mix containing a liquid composition, where the chamber is subsequently exposed to approximately 80-110° F. to dry the liquid, thereby impregnating the material of grain-based or dry mix soup composition with the components.

A typical concentration is from approximately 1×10⁷ to 1×10¹² CFU; 1×10⁸ to 1×10¹¹ CFU; or 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU of viable bacterium or spores/g of food matrix. Following drying, the food is ready for immediate use or for storage in a sterile package, e.g., a 3-ounce package, a 6-ounce package, a 9-ounce package, a 12-ounce package, a 15-ounce package, an 18-ounce package, or a 24-ounce package.

The active ingredients (i.e., live bacteria or extracellular components), comprise between about 0.01% to about 10%; 0.01% to about 1%; or about 0.05% to about 0.1% by weight of the probiotic grain-based or soup composition. Optionally, the isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise about 1 mg to about 10 g; about 10 mg to about 1 g; or about 25 mg to about 75 mg by weight of the probiotic composition. Most preferably, the amount of Bacillus coagulans bacteria is about 5×10⁷ colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria per gram of food matrix.

In one aspect, the amount of bacteria is about 10⁴ to 10¹⁴ colony forming units (CFU) of bacteria per gram of probiotic composition (i.e., vegetative cells and/or bacterial spores), preferably 10⁵ to 10¹³ CFU/g of food matrix. Alternatively, the concentrations are 10⁸ to 10¹³ CFU/g; 10⁹ to 10¹² CFU/g; or 10¹⁰ to 10¹¹ CFU/g of food matrix. In one aspect, the amount of bacteria is about 1×10⁶ CFU per gram of food matrix. The actual amount in a grain-based or soup composition will vary depending upon the amounts of composition to be dispersed into the food composition and upon routes of dispersal.

In one aspect, the invention provides for storing the grain-based or dry mix soup composition in a sterile package at room temperature prior to consumption. Alternatively, the composition is consumed immediately.

In another aspect, the composition comprises at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% or 100% isolated Bacillus coagulans spores.

By way of example, and not of limitation, Bacillus coagulans spores may be incorporated into any type of dry or lyophilized product which is dissolved or mixed with hot water, so long as the temperature of the Bacillus coagulans spore-containing mixture is raised to the required heat-shock temperature (i.e., 80° C. for 5 minutes) necessary for germination of the spores. The Bacillus coagulans spores may either be incorporated into the dry or lyophilized product by the manufacturer of the product or by the consumer during preparation. These dry or lyophilized products include, but are not limited to: dry mix soups, pasta, oatmeal, grits, etc. The grain-based or soup composition is subsequently boiled in hot water, e.g., stovetop boiling, addition of boiling water to a container, or microwaving the grain-based or soup composition along with water.

In one aspect, the Bacillus coagulans spores survive storage (shelf-life), i.e., retain viability or the ability to germinate at physiological conditions (e.g., ingestion), from about 12 days to about 2 years; from about 1 month to about 18 months; from about 3 months to about 1 year; or from about 6 months to about 9 months.

Example 1: Preparation of Bacillus coagulans Cultures

Bacillus coagulans Hammer bacteria (ATCC Accession No. 31284) was inoculated and grown to a cell density of about 10⁸ to 10⁹ cells/ml in nutrient broth containing 5 g Peptone, 3 g Meat extract, 10-30 mg MnSO₄, and 1,000 ml distilled water, adjusted to pH 7.0, using a standard airlift fermentation vessel at 30° C. The range of MnSO₄ acceptable for sporulation is 1 mg/l to 1 g/l. The vegetative cells can actively reproduce up to 45° C., and the spores are stable up to 90° C. After fermentation, the B. coagulans bacterial cells or spores are collected using standard methods (e.g., filtration, centrifugation) and the collected cells and spores can be lyophilized, spray-dried, air-dried or frozen. As described herein, the supernatant from the cell culture is collected and used as an extracellular agent secreted by B. coagulans.

A typical yield from the above culture is in the range of about 10⁹ to 10¹⁰ viable spores and more typically about 100 to 150 billion cells/spores per gram before drying. Spores maintain at least 90% viability after drying when stored at room temperature for up to ten years, and thus the effective shelf life of a composition containing B. coagulans Hammer spores at room temperature is about 10 years.

Example 2: Preparation of Bacillus coagulans Spores

A culture of dried B. coagulans spores was prepared as follows. Ten million spores were inoculated into a one liter culture containing 24 g potato dextrose broth, 10 g of enzymic-digest of poultry and fish tissue, 5 g of FOS and 10 g MnSO₄. The culture was maintained for 72 hours under a high oxygen environment at 37° C. to produce culture having about 150 billion cells per gram of culture. Thereafter, the culture was filtered to remove culture medium liquid, and the bacterial pellet was resuspended in water and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried powder is then ground to a fine powder using standard good manufacturing practice (GMP).

Example 3: Bacillus coagulans Spores Survive in the Gastric Environment

This study was performed in order to determine the survivability rate of Bacillus coagulans spores as they pass through the stomach. Samples of Bacillus coagulans spores were subjected to a simulated gastric environment for varying lengths of time in order to attain their survivability rate. First, a homogeneous sample of raw material Bacillus coagulans of at least 12 grams was prepared. Saline solution at pH 1 was prepared using 3N HCl (150 mls each into six 250 ml media bottles) and sterilized. Additional saline solutions with pH 2 and 3 were prepared similarly, resulting in 6 sterile 250 ml bottles, each containing 150 ml pH adjusted saline. Six sterile 250 ml media bottles each containing 150 ml normal saline solution were prepared and sterilized. Phosphate buffer (˜400 ml) was prepared at pH 7.2. Test tubes (24) were prepared and sterilized, each containing 9 ml of phosphate buffer pH 7.2. Test tubes (120) were prepared, each containing 9 ml of normal saline. GYE (glucose-yeast extract) agar medium was prepared and sterilized and cooled to 45° C. in a water bath. Samples (24) of raw material were weighed, each˜500 milligrams (theoretically equivalent to 10 billion spores). The samples were added to media bottles at 37° C. and incubated half for 20 minutes the other half for 120 minutes. After 20 and 120 minutes incubation, respectively, the samples were mixed to uniformity and pipet 1 ml into 9 ml of sterile phosphate buffer pH 7.2. After all 12 samples from each time point were placed into test tubes containing sterile phosphate buffer, serial dilutions were made until 6 tubes had been used for each sample. The final dilution for the final two test tubes were 3×10⁷ and 3×10⁸, which gave a count of roughly 300 and 30 CFU, respectively. The final 2 test tubes from each sample were placed into 70° C. water bath for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, they were cooled immediately to 45° C. Three sterile petri plates per tube were set out. 1.0 ml from the heat-treated tube was added into each petri plate, then 15 ml of sterile molten GYE Agar medium (at 45° C.) was poured into each of the petri plates and mixed thoroughly. When solidified, the plates were incubated in an inverted position for 48 hours at 40° C. The individual colonies were counted. Results were expressed as CFU per gram as shown in Table 1 below. 1.0E+10=1×10¹⁰.

TABLE 1 20 Minutes 120 Minutes Incubation Incubation Spore Count, Spore Count, Sample CFU/gram CFU/gram Normal Saline - A 1.90E+10 1.88E+10 Normal Saline - B 2.12E+10 2.00E+10 Normal Saline - C 1.64E+10 2.06E+10 Average 1.89E+10 1.98E+10 Saline pH 1.0 - D 2.08E+09 5.98E+07 Saline pH 1.0 - E 1.47E+09 0.00E+00 Saline pH 1.0 - F 3.59E+09 0.00E+00 Average 2.38E+09 1.99E+07 Saline pH 2.0 - G 3.63E+09 3.46E+09 Saline pH 2.0 - H 4.47E+09 2.48E+09 Saline pH 2.0 - I 3.58E+09 2.82E+09 Average 3.89E+09 2.92E+09 Saline pH 3.0 - J 1.65E+10 1.13E+10 Saline pH 3.0 - K 1.35E+10 1.11E+10 Saline pH 3.0 - L 1.80E+10 1.39E+10 Average 1.60E+10 1.21E+10

Example 4: Bacillus coagulans Retain Viability in Gnocchi (Potato Pasta)

The purpose of the following study was to determine the survivability rate of GBI-30 (Bacillus coagulans-30; BC³⁰) in gnocchi (potato pasta) after cooking and pasteurization. BC³⁰ was mixed into gnocchi (potato pasta) at the dose of 5×10⁷ CFU/g of food matrix, spray dried, and boiled in water at 100° C. for 1 minute and 30 seconds. The potato pasta was subsequently pasteurized for 1 hour and 20 minutes at 95° C. Following pasteurization, the potato pasta was cooked at 100° C. for 1 minute and 30 seconds to simulate home cooking. The pasta was stored at 4° C. for 30 days (shelf life is 60 days), heat shocked at approximately 80° C. for about 5 minutes, and placed in GYE agar medium. The results demonstrate that approximately 1.3×10⁷ CFU of Bacillus coagulans per gram of food matrix survived even after storage for about 30 days. Comparable results were observed after heat shock (thermiz), suggesting that after the cooking process, the pasta comprises mostly Bacillus coagulans spores and few vegetative cells. The potato pasta was packaged in a modified atmosphere. The water activity (A_(w)) of the composition was approximately 0.95%. The data in FIG. 1 show that after pre-boiling, pasteurization, and cooking, the amount of BC³⁰ in the potato pasta was 3×10⁶ CFU/g of food matrix, suggesting that the approximate daily dose of probiotics in 100 g of gnocchi is about 1.3×10⁹ CFU or 100% RDA (1 billion viable cells is the recommended dose in EU guidelines).

Example 5: Bacillus coagulans Retain Viability in Fresh Egg Pasta

This study was performed in order to determine the survivability rate of GBI-30 (Bacillus coagulans-30; BC³⁰) in fresh egg pasta after pasteurization. BC³⁰ was mixed into the fresh egg pasta with cheese, vegetables, and meat filling at the dose of 5×10⁷ CFU/g of food matrix. The fresh egg pasta was subsequently spray dried and pasteurized for approximately 5 minutes at 100° C. The shelf life of the fresh egg pasta was 50 days. The pasta was packaged in a modified atmosphere. The water activity (A_(w)) of the composition was approximately 0.92-0.97%. The results illustrated in FIG. 2 demonstrate that approximately 2×10⁷ CFU of BC³⁰ survived the pasteurization described above, indicating that Bacillus coagulans retain viability in the fresh egg pasta.

Example 6: Survival of Heat-Activated Bacillus coagulans

The ability of GBI-30 (Bacillus coagulans-30; BC³⁰) in oatmeal to survive heating via microwave was determined. Table 2 demonstrates that approximately 82% of the BC³⁰ alone survived microwaving for 1 minute and 50 seconds. As shown in Table 2, approximately 79% of the initial Bacillus coagulans bacteria in oatmeal survived after microwaving for 1 minute and 50 seconds, suggesting that Bacillus coagulans retain viability in oatmeal after cooking. Table 2 shows the survival of BC30 after heat treatment under various conditions.

TABLE 2 Sample Sample Description Testing Method CFU/Spec Size Total Count % of Spec A: BC30, heat activation Total Plate Count 11900000000 1 g 11900000000 100%  B: BC30, microwave Total Plate Count 11900000000 1 g 9750000000 82% C: BC30 + oatmeal, Total Plate Count 11900000000 1 g 9350000000 79% microwave A: BC30 1 g + 10 ml water, 75 C. 30 min, cooled to 45 C., serial dilution, total plate count. B: BC30 1 g + 250 ml water, microwave 1 min 50 second, serial dilution, total plate count. C: BC30 1 g + 1 serving of oatmeal (35.6 g) + 250 ml water, microwave 1 min 50 second, serial dilution, total plate count.

Example 7: Bacillus coagulans in Dry Turtle Island Soup Mix

The probiotic Bacillus coagulans of the invention was added to dry Turtle Island soup mix in the amount indicated in Table 3. Table 3 is a chart indicating the number of colony forming units (CFU) of BC³⁰ per serving of dry soup mix.

TABLE 3 Weight/ Sample Description serving Amount of BC 30 CFU/serving 1 Dry Soup Mix 38.2 gram 0.02 gram 2.81 × 10⁸ 2 Dry Soup Mix 38.3 gram 0.02 gram 2.26 × 10⁸ 3 Dry Soup Mix 39.1 gram 0.5 gram 7.05 × 10⁹

Example 8: Bacillus coagulans Retain Viability in Durum Wheat Semolina Pasta

The purpose of the following study was to determine the survivability rate of GBI-30 (Bacillus coagulans-30; BC³⁰) in durum wheat semolina pasta after cooking. BC³⁰ was mixed into the durum wheat semolina pasta at the dose of about 4×10⁸ CFU/serving (about 7×10⁶ CFU/g of food matrix (about 30 mg of BC³⁰); serving size is about 56 grams). The composition was extruded at 37-38° C., followed by 20 hours of drying at 50° C. Table 4 shows the survival of BC³⁰ after manufacturing the dry pasta and after cooking the dry pasta via boiling for about 8 minutes. The results shown in Table 4 demonstrate that approximately 55% of BC³⁰ survive the manufacturing process, while approximately 30% of BC³⁰ survive the cooking process, indicating that Bacillus coagulans BC³⁰ retain viability in durum wheat semolina pasta.

TABLE 4 Sample Total % of Sample Description CFU/Spec Size Count Spec Dry pasta (uncooked) 4 × 10⁸ 56 g 2.2 × 10⁸ 55% Dry pasta (cooked) 4 × 10⁸ 56 g 1.2 × 10⁸ 30% 

What is claimed:
 1. A composition comprising a processed grain and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium or spore.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is selected from the group consisting of pasta, oatmeal, and grits.
 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein said pasta is selected from the group consisting of spaghetti, lasagna, egg pasta, spatzle, penne rigate, rotini, rigatoni, and gnocchi.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between 0.01% and 10% by weight of said cooked composition.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC
 31284. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is selected from the group consisting of GBI-30 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086), GBI-20 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6085), and GBI-40 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6087).
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore.
 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein said Bacillus coagulans spores activate upon contacting hot liquid.
 9. The composition of claim 8, wherein said hot liquid is water or milk.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a mixture of vegetative cells and spores.
 12. A composition comprising a dry mix for grain-based compositions comprising a grain and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium.
 13. A composition comprising a dry mix for soup comprising a dehydrated matter and an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium.
 14. A method of making a grain-based composition comprising: providing a grain-containing base mix and a liquid portion; mixing said grain-containing base mix and said liquid portion to form a batter or dough; combining an isolated Bacillus coagulans bacterium with said batter or dough; and heat processing said batter or dough to cook said grain-based composition.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said liquid portion is selected from the group consisting of water and milk.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is Bacillus coagulans hammer strain Accession No. ATCC
 31284. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is selected from the group consisting of GBI-30 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6086), GBI-20 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6085), and GBI-40 strain (ATCC Designation Number PTA-6087).
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a spore.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans is in the form of a vegetative cell.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein said isolated Bacillus coagulans comprise between 1% and 10% by weight of said grain-based composition. 